Belajar Active and Passive Voice (Bentuk Aktif dan Pasif)

Ini adalah postingan pertama saya tentang "Active and Passive Voice", semoga bisa memberikan manfaat bagi yang ingin belajar Bahasa Inggris. Without wasting time, cekidot guys!

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam grammatikal), aktif dan pasif.

I.            Active Voice (Bentuk Aktif)—Di sini orang, binatang atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan melakukan sesuatu pada sesuatu yang lain:

·         Kasno killed a tiger. = Kasno membunuh seekor harimau.

(Kasno (subjek), melakukan sesuatu pada seekor harimau)

II.            Passive Voice (Bentuk Pasif)—Di sini orang , binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain:

·         A tiger was killed by Kasno. = Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Kasno.

(Seekor harimau (subjek), menderita sesuatu dari Kasno)

RUMUS BENTUK PASIF: TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

a)      Kata kerja intransitive tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja itu  menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif:

·         She sang a fine song. = Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu. (Aktif)

·         A fine song was sung by her. = Sebuah nyanyian merdu dinyanyikan olehnya. (Pasif)

b)      Apabila kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif menjadi subjek untuk kata kerja pasif.

Objek untuk kata kerja aktif

·         Linda can make tarts. = Linda dapat membuat kue tar.

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif

·         Tarts can be made by Linda.

c)       Retained Object (Objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan Retained Object.

Objek ini mungkin:
Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif, atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

1)      Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja, misalnya:

Kata Kerja Aktif
We gave him a prize. = Kami memberinya hadiah.

Kata Kerja Pasif

A prize was given him by us. = Hadiah diberikan padanya oleh kami.

2)      Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif; misalnya:

We gave him a prize. = Kami memberinya hadiah.

He was given a prize by us. = Ia diberi hadiah oleh kami.

d)      Kapan saja kata kerja transitif dari predikasi tak lengkap diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, komplemen objektif menjadi komplemen subjektif.

Active Voice

Komplemen untuk Objek

They elected him president. = Mereke memilih dia menjadi presiden.

Passive Voice

Komplemen untuk Subjek

He was elected president (by them). = Dia dipilih menjadi presiden (oleh mereka).

Selanjutnya ikutilah kalimat-kalimat aktif yang diubah menjadi kalimat-kalimatpasif dalam bentuk tenses di bawah ini:

Aktif	Pasif
Simple Present
1)      John bites Mary. (John menggigit Mary.) 2)      John doesn’t bite Mary. (John tidak menggigit Mary.) 3)      Does John bite Mary? (Apakah John menggigit Mary?) 4)      What does John do? (Apa yang John kerjakan?) 5)      Who bites Mary? (Siapa yang menggigit Mary?) 6)      Who does John bite? (John menggigit siapa?)	1)      Mary is bitten by John. (Mary digigit oleh John.) 2)      Mary isn’t bitten by John. (Mary tidak digigit oleh John.) 3)      Is Mary bitten by John? (Apakah Mary digigit oleh John?) 4)      What is done by John? (Apa yang dikerjakan oleh John?) 5)      Who is Mary bitten by? (Mary digigit oleh siapa?) 6)      Who is bitten by john? (Siapa yang digigit oleh John?)
Simple Continous
1)      John is biting Mary. 2)      John isn’t biting Mary. 3)      Is John biting Mary? 4)      What is John doing? 5)      Who is biting Mary? 6)      Who is John biting?	1)      Mary is being bitten by John. 2)      Mary isn’t being bitten by John. 3)      Is Mary being bitten by John? 4)      What is being done by John? 5)      Who is Mary being bitten by? 6)      Who is being bitten by John?
Present Perfect
1)      John has bitten Mary. 2)      John hasn’t bitten Mary. 3)      Has John bitten Mary? 4)      What has John done? 5)      Who has bitten Mary? 6)      Who has John bitten?	1)      Mary has been bitten by John. 2)      Mary hasn’t been bitten by John. 3)      Has Mary been bitten by John? 4)      What has been done by John? 5)      Who has Mary been bitten by? 6)      Who has been bitten by John?
Present Perfect Continous
1)      John has been biting Mary. 2)      John hasn’t been biting Mary. 3)      Has John been biting Mary? 4)      What has John been doing? 5)      Who has been biting Mary? 6)      Who has John been biting?	1)      Mary has been being bitten by John. 2)      Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John. 3)      Has Mary been being bitten by John? 4)      What has been being done by John? 5)      What has Mary been being bitten by? 6)      Who has been being bitten by John?
Simple Past
1)      John bit Mary. 2)      John didn’t bite Mary? 3)      Did John bite Mary? 4)      What did John do? 5)      Who bit Mary? 6)      Who did John bite?	1)      Mary was bitten by John. 2)      Mary wasn’t bitten by John. 3)      Was Mary bitten by John? 4)      What was done by John? 5)      Who was Mary bitten by? 6)      Who has bitten by John?
Past Continuous
1)      John was biting Mary. 2)      John wasn’t biting Mary. 3)      Was John biting Mary? 4)      What was John doing? 5)      Who was biting Mary? 6)      Who was John biting?	1)      Mary was being bitten by John. 2)      Mary wasn’t being bitten by John. 3)      Was Mary being bitten by John? 4)      What was being done by John? 5)      Who was Mary being bitten by? 6)      Who was being bitten by John?
Past Perfect
1)      John had bitten Mary. 2)      John hadn’t been biting Mary. 3)      Had John been biting Mary? 4)      What had John been doing? 5)      Who had been biting Mary? 6)      Who had John been biting?	1)      Mary had been bitten by John. 2)      Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John. 3)      Had Mary been being bitten by John? 4)      What had been being done by John? 5)      Who had Mary been being bitten by John? 6)      Who had been being bitten by John?
Future
1)      John will bite Mary. 2)      John won’t bite Mary. 3)      Will John bite Mary? 4)      What will John do? 5)      Who will be biting Mary? 6)      Who will John be biting?	1)      Mary will be bitten by John. 2)      Mary won’t be bitten by John. 3)      Will Mary be bitten by John? 4)      What will be done by John? 5)      Who will Mary be being bitten by? 6)      Who will be being bitten by John?
Future Perfect
1)      John will have bitten Mary. 2)      John won’t have bitten Mary. 3)      Will John have bitten Mary? 4)      What will John have done? 5)      Who will have bitten Mary? 6)      Who will John have bitten?	1)      Mary will have been bitten by John. 2)      Mary won’t have been bitten by John. 3)      Will Mary have been bitten by John? 4)      What will have been done by John? 5)      Who will Mary have been bitten by? 6)      Who will have been bitten by John?
Future Perfect Continuous
1)      John will have been biting Mary. 2)      John won’t have been biting Mary. 3)      Will John have been biting Mary? 4)      What will John have been doing? 5)      Who will have been biting Mary? 6)      Who will John have been biting?	1)      Mary will have been being bitten by John. 2)      Mary won’t have been being bitten by John. 3)      Will Mary have been being bitten by John? 4)      What will have been being done by John? 5)      Who will Mary have been being bitten by? 6)      Who will have been being bitten by John?

Ikhtisar Bentuk Kata Kerja

(Memakai kata kerja “break-broke-broken” sebagai contoh)

PRESENT

PAST

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

(ACTIVE)

Break breaks

am is          breaking are

broke

was          breaking were

(PASSIVE)

am is          broken are

am is          being broken are

was were      broken

was       being broken were

FUTURE

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

“GOING TO”

(ACTIVE)

shall      break will

shall      be breaking will

am is        going to break are

(PASSIVE)

shall      be broken will

am is         going to be broken are

PRESENT PERFECT

PAST PERFECT

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

(ACTIVE)

have       broken has

have    been breaking has

had broken

had been breaking

(PASSIVE)

have      been broken has

*

had been broken

*

FUTURE PERFECT

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

(ACTIVE)

shall      have broken will

shall      have been breaking will

(PASSIVE)

shall      have been broken will

*

CONDITIONAL (TYPE II)

CONDITIONAL (TYPE III)

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

A   should     break      would

should     be breaking would

should      have broken would

should     have been would      breaking

P   should     be broken       would

*

should    have been broken would

*

Sebagai tambahan perlu juga kita perbincangkan di sini tentang kata-kata kerja dalam bentuk aktif, tetapi dalam arti pasif.

                Kata-kata kerja transitif kadang-kadang dipakai dalam arti pasif tanpa diubah ke dalam bentuk pasif:

a)      Kata-kata kerja dengan komplemen:

·         Sugar tastes sweet. (=Sugar is sweet when it is tasted.) = Gula manis rasanya. (= Gula manis bila dirasakan.)

·         The rose smells sweet. (= The rose is sweet when it is smelt.)

= Bunga mawar itu harum baunya. (Bunga mawar itu harum bila dicium.)

·         The sun feels hot. (= The sun is hot when it is felt.)= Matahari terasa panas. (= Matahari panas bila dirasakan.)

·         That novel reads well. (= That novel sounds well when it is read.)

= Novel itu bagus gaya bahasanya. (= Novel itu bagus isinya bila dibaca.)

·         That cloth will wear thin. (= That cloth will become thin when it is worn.) = Kain itu akan menipis bila dipakai.

·         The horse does not sell. = Kuda itu tidak laku (tidak terjual.)

b)      Kata-kata kerja tanpa komplemen:

·         The book is printing. (= The book is being printed.) = Buku itu sedang dicetak.

·         The cows are milking. (= The cows are being milked.) = Sapi-sapi itu diperah.

·         The guided missiles are launching. (= The guided missiles are being launched.)

= Peluru-peluru kendali itu sedang diluncurkan.

·         The house is building. (= The house is in a state of being built.)

= Rumah itu dalam keadaan sedang dibangun

·         The house is finishing. (= The house is being finished.) = Rumah itu sedang diselesaikan.

* Catatan: Apa yang menyerupai Present Participle dalam susunan kalimat ini berasal dari verbal noun atau gerund (kata kerja yang dibendakan) yang didahului oleh in atau on:

* That house was two yearsin building. = Rumah itu dua tahun lamanya dalam pembangunan.